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Протоколы боёв [»] Достижения игрока [»] Ферма игрока [»] |
Потрачено в казино: $19,385 Выигрыш в казино: $5,155 Выигрыш в боях: $20 Отработано часов: 1,077 | ||||||||||||||
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Informal Communication Channels Organizations could not function by formal communication channels alone. Another system of communication, called an informal communi¬cation channel, is also needed. Informal communication channels form the unofficial network that supplements the formal channels. Most of these informal channels arise out of necessity. For example, people sometimes depart from the official communication channels to consult with a person with specialized knowledge. Suppose the manager of pension services in a bank was familiar with the methods of calculating exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies. Bank employees from other depart¬ments would regularly consult this manager when they faced an exchange-rate problem. Any time two or more employees consult each other outside formal communication channels, an informal communication channel has been used. Two othet major aspects of informal communication channels are chance encounters, and me grapevine and the tumors it carries. Chance Encounters Unscheduled informal contact between managers and employees can be an efficient and effective informal communication channel. John E Kotter found in his study of general managers that effective managers do not con¬fine their communications to formal meetings. Instead, they collect valu¬able information during chance encounters." Spontaneous communication events may occur in the cafeteria, near the water fountain, in the halls, and on the elevator. For example, during an elevator ride, a manager might spot a purchasing agent and ask, "Whatever happened to the just-in-time- inven¬tory purchasing proposal?" In two minutes, the manager might obtain the information that would typically be solicited in a 30-minute meeting. A chance encounter differs from management by walking around in that the latter is a planned event; the former occurs unintentionally. The Grapevine and Rumor Control The grapevine is the informal means by which information is transmitted in organizations. As such, it is the major informal communication channel. The term grapevine refers to tangled pathways that can distort information. Rumors and gossip are the two major components of the grapevine. Conditions of anxiety and uncertainty breed rumors. Rumors are typically about something people wish to happen (such as double bonuses this yeat) or something people dread (such as jobs being outsourced). Gossip is part of the normal human condition, and is fueled by the need for affiliation. Positive gossip (Did you hear rhat our accounts payable supervisor at age 57 is getting married for the first time?) travels over the grapevine. The negative type (Did you hear that our chief ethics officer was convicted of DWI?) travels even faster. Some important characteristics of the grapevine include the following:  About 17 percent of employers think that workers get their infor¬mation from the grapevine, whereas 50 percent of employees credi |
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